Uterine inflammation in dogs – also known as pyometra – is one of the most common ailments in female dogs. This condition occurs during a specific phase of a female dog’s hormonal cycle – and the inflammation is most common in older female dogs. Read on to delve deeper into the topic of uterine inflammation in dogs – and learn about the causes behind the condition, symptoms to look out for – and available treatment options.
Table of contents
What is uterine inflammation in dogs
Uterine inflammation is a serious condition that can affect female dogs that have not been spayed. In order to be able to recognize the symptoms in time, it is important that you as a dog owner familiarize yourself with the condition. First of all, we divide uterine inflammation in dogs into two different categories.
Open pyometra
In this type of uterine inflammation, pus or discharge is released through the genital opening. This indicates that the cervix is open – and therefore there is a passage through which the discharge is released. Often, owners notice that the dog has an abnormal discharge that is different from the normal discharge during the heat.
Closed pyometra
When the cervix is closed – there will be no visible discharge from the genital opening. This makes this form of pyometra more difficult to detect – and can therefore often be more serious for the affected dog. Closed pyometra is the most acute form of pyometra and can quickly develop into a life-threatening condition.
Causes of uterine inflammation
The main cause of pyometra is hormonal changes during the dog's reproductive cycle. After each heat – regardless of whether the bitch is mated or not – the ovaries produce the hormone progesterone. This hormone contributes, among other things, to the growth and activity of glands in the bitch's uterus. During the heat, estrogen – one of the bitch's sex hormones – is also produced. Estrogen increases the number of receptors for progesterone so that this hormone has an additional effect on the uterus after the heat. This plays an important role in the development of pyometra. As a result, some dogs may experience fluid accumulation and the formation of cysts in the uterine cavity, which can later develop into an inflammation of the uterus.
Some dogs then experience a buildup of fluid and cyst formation in the uterine cavity – and eventually inflammation. Usually, uterine inflammation in dogs develops in the period 1–12 weeks after the season. Eventually, the dog becomes severely affected and experiences a systemic state of intoxication.
Who is in the risk group for uterine inflammation?
As mentioned, uterine inflammation can develop in all non-spayed bitches – that is, dogs that have not had their uterus and ovaries removed. However, it is most common in older dogs that have had multiple heat cycles. However, a few cases of uterine inflammation are seen each year in young dogs aged 1–3 years.
No specific breeds have been shown to have a hereditary predisposition to developing uterine inflammation. However, hormone injections used to delay heat – and thus affect the bitch’s normal cycle – may increase the risk of uterine inflammation in dogs. Bitches who are pregnant but experience the death of their puppies in the fetal stage also have a slightly increased risk of developing this disease.
Symptoms of uterine inflammation in dogs
There are several indicators that may indicate that a dog has developed uterine inflammation. These include:
- Discharge with bloody pus from the genital opening (in cases of open pyometra)
- Excessive licking of the body
- Increased thirst and more frequent urination
- General lassitude
- Decreased appetite
- Fever
- Vomit
Many dogs will show changes in their general behavior and may appear depressed. Bitches often have a reduced appetite and some may even vomit. At the same time, many dogs will drink more water than usual. Increased thirst is a typical early symptom of incipient uterine inflammation. The bacteria produce waste products and toxins that spread through the blood over time – which can lead to systemic poisoning of the dog.
Some dogs may develop a fever and appear very lethargic. Often, owners may also notice that the dog is licking itself a lot – and there may be visible discharge with pus from the genital opening.
As mentioned, closed pyometra can develop very quickly as pus accumulates inside the abdominal cavity. This leads to rapid and serious illness in the bitch and the condition can be life-threatening. In extreme cases, the uterus can even rupture – with subsequent accumulation of pus in the abdominal cavity. If you as a dog owner suspect uterine inflammation or are unsure about your dog’s general condition – you should contact a veterinarian immediately. This is not a condition that dogs can recover from on their own.
If you observe any of the above symptoms in your dog – it is important to seek veterinary help immediately. In our veterinary clinic in Larvik, we always prioritize acute cases.
Treatment of uterine inflammation
Treating uterine inflammation usually requires emergency medical intervention. Your veterinarian will assess your dog’s condition on the spot and choose the most appropriate treatment. This usually involves surgical removal of the uterus – also known as an ovariohysterectomy. This is an effective way to both treat the condition and prevent it from recurring.
Summary
Canine metritis is a serious condition that can develop into a life-threatening condition. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is important to ensure early diagnosis and prompt treatment. If you suspect your dog may have metritis – contact your veterinarian immediately. At A-Vet, we are always ready to offer our expertise for both advice and treatment of your pet!
